Ko te kāwhangahanga o te ao mō ngā motokā hiko hou (NEVs) e whai ake ana i te whēako nui, whakaatu ana i te mōhio huringa o ngā kaiwhakamahi me ngā kaupapa waiūroa pai. Ki te āheinga o ngā tuhinga whakahaere i te whenua, e tika ana kia kitea te Rātonga Pūnaha Tauamoemiti (CAGR) mō ngā NEV i runga i te 20% i waenga i te tau 2023 ki te 2030. Kua whakamanahia nei te pūtake nui e kitea ana i te tau 2022 i runga i te 10 miriona o ngā purei NEV o te ao, e whakaatu ana i te hurihanga nui ki ngā motokā hiko rorohiko me ngā motokā whakapakeke, in particular ki Te Ika a Maui me Eropi.
1. Ngā Kaupapa Matua : Ko te tono nui e whai ake nei i waenga i ngā rohe katoa ka whakamana i te mōhio nui ake mō te whai here tangata me ngā kawenata whakaae a te kāwanatanga. Nā te hiranga hoki o ngā momo hangarau me te itinga o ngā utu whakamahi moa kōrero, ka tautohe te whēako nei.
2. Ngā Aho Hōu : Ngā paereti hou me ngā wāhi hou ka whiwhi noa atu i ngā motokā hiko eka, e whai ake ana i te whakatūroro i te nohonga kāwanatanga me te nui ake i ngā tūmomo whiwhinga otaota i ngā tekauhuru motokā hiko eka. Nga whenua pērā i Ahi, Taimana, me Brazilia ka kite i te mōhio hoki ki ngā momo motokā iti i hoko, ā, ka whakatipu anō i te whanaketanga.
Nō reira, e whakaatu ana ngā take katoa nei i tētahi wā whakarerekē mō te rorohiko motokā hiko hou i runga i te ao, e whakatakoto ana i te ara mō ngā whakangungu hou me ngā whakatikatika rorohiko.
Kei raro i Aotearoa ko Ingarangi te kaiarahi matua i te roanga motokā hiko hou, e taketake ana i ngā hoko o te ao e 50% te utu o te whakahaere i te tau 2022. Ko tēnei mana nui e whakapakari nei i te hiahia noa i raro i te motu me te tautoko nui a te kāwanatanga mā roto i ngā ukiuki me ngā tautohetohe moe, e hanga kē nei i te whakahaere me te hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi ki ngā motokā hiko eka.
1. Ngā Ture me ngā Whiwhinga Noa Rawa : Ki te whakatipu i te whakamahana mo te kaiwhakamahi NEV, kua whakawheowheoa e te kāwanatanga o Ingarangi āheinga nui, ka tae atu ki ngā uku moni me ngā whakangākau mo te utu. Nō reira i whakatūhia ai ngā mahi whai take, ahakoa ko te hanga anake, he noho pai hoki hei whakarite i ngā kaiwhakamahi ki ngā motokā NEV.
2. Ngā Kaiarahi o te Whakahaere : Ko ngā kaihangā nui a Rongotonga, pērā i te BYD me te NIO, ka puta hei tūhono ki te hunga mōhihi NEV. Kei ēnei kaihanga ēnei ngā whakangao nui ki te whakapai i te hunga paunu, me te whakatūhia hoki i ngā take hanga me te whakatū mai i te paihere taketake mō te whenua katoa.
3. Ngā Whanaketanga Hangarau : Ko ngā kaihangā motokā NEV o Ingarangi kei te whakatū tonu i ngā whakapai paunu, he mea nui tēnei ki te whakatīnaka i te roa me te iti i ngā utu o ngā motokā rorohiko. Me ēnei whakapai paihere, ka tū Ingarangi hei kaiwhakarite nui i te whakawhitiwhiti ao tuatahi ki te haere whakamua paihere.
Nā ngā whakatūtake matua me ngā hiranga hou o Āhina i te whakahaere i ngā motokā NEV e tiaki ana i tōna mana here i tēnei rōpū, e hanga ana i te ātuitui a te tūroa mō te kaiarahi i te waka ki te ao hou hei whakamahere i te kaiarahinga me te paihere.
Ka nui ake te mahara taiao o ngā kaiwhiwhi, me te 70% e pānui ana he mea nā ngā whakaaro mo te huringa āhuarangi ka whakapakari i te pūmau ki ngā motokā hīkore (NEVs). Ko tēnei whitiwhitinga i te mahara kaiwhiwhi i tautoko e ngā mahi o te ao whānui, kei reira ka whakatū ko ngā take whakaiti iwi nui ka whakatakoto i ngā tūmomo kāwanatanga hei whakawhiti i te huringa āhuarangi, ā, ka whakapakari i te whakaaro o te iwi me te whakatūmotu motokā ki ngā whakamahere pai ake. Ka kitea haere i te rangahau, ko ngā motokā hiko e whakaiti ana i ngā hāwhe papa iwi i waenganui i ngā motokā hikoanga tuatahi, ka whakapakari i tō rātau aki i te hunga e mahi ana i te taiao.
He whakapuakitanga nui te kawe hiahia a te kāwanatanga ki te whakarite i te tono mō ngā motokā hou ā-rohe. Ki runga i ngā whenua katoa, he maha ngā kāwanatanga e whiwhiā ana i ngā toha tāke, ngā whakahoki moni, me ngā taumata tautoko hei whakamahere i ngā hoko motokā ā-rohe. Ko te matatika nei hei tiaki i te itinga i runga i ngā pūmotu me te whakapai i ngā huanga inati, ā, hei whakamana hoki i te rangitahi o te rorohiko. Ki te whakatipu ngā ture i runga i ngā whanonga whakatē i ngā hainuku, ka whakaaturia e ngā whakaaturanga he whakatipu anō i te whakaaetanga i ngā motokā ā-rohe, ināianei kei roto i ngā paearahi kinoe ko ngā wāhi kotahi tangata, nā ngā raruraru ā-huanui e kitea nei.
Nui ake ngā paunga moni o te hurihanga ki ngā motokā hou nei, e kīia ana ina whakaaetia ngā utu nui ake i runga i ngā utu pūngao me ngā utu whakahaere, me te āheinga tēnā e taea ana hei whakaiti i raro i $4,000 i mua i te wā e mutu ana te motokā. Nā te iti nei i ngā utu kauwhata me ngā kaute mahi iti, kua tae noa atu te utu katoa o te manaaki motokā rarangi ki ngā motokā whakarawea i waenganui i ētahi akoranga, he mea nui. Ki te iti ake ngā utu o ngā motokā hou nei me te whai ake ngā utu pūngao, e tangi ana te hunga kaimahi kia huri, i te whakaaweawe moni me ngā tōronga whakahaere mō te wā e hoko ai i ngā motokā whakarawea.
Te whakarerekētanga o te hangarau pūni kei te tūranga matua hei whakatipu i te paerewa o ngā motokā hou rīpa (NEVs). E whakaatu ana ngā pūniki kōhatu i tetahi o ngā whakawhitinga nui rawa i roto i tēnei marae, e hoko ana i te mohiotanga nui ake me te raupapa whakamahere tuatahi mo ngā motokā rīpa. Ki te āhuatanga o ngā rangahau, ka kitea te utu pūniki i raro i $100 mo te kilowatt-ā-wā i te tau 2025, me whakaae mai i ngā motokā hou rīpa ki te iti mea, koia nei ka nui ake ngā ratonga whakaaetanga. Hei tērā pūnaha, ko te whai wāhi i te whakawhitinga pūniki he mea nui ki te taea i ngā whakaritenga taiao me te whakaiti i ngā take kaiwhakarite whenua e pā ana ki ngā pūniki lithium-ion. Me te whakapai i ngā pūnaki whakawhitinga, ka taea te whakamahi anō i ngā raraunga, ka tukuna te whakangungu o te oranga pororahi. I te kotahi tonu, ka whakatipu ēnei whakarerekētanga i te hangarau i te paerewa o ngā motokā rīpa, ā, ka taurite hoki ki te whakapakari i te hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi ki ngā take pai taiao.
Ki te whakamana i te hanganga whai ake o ngā motokā hou nei, tērā te hiranga o te whakawhanake i ngā wharepaku. Nga purongo hou e whakaatu ana ko te kawe tonu mai o ngā wāhi whakapuku ā-iwi hei whakanui, inaianei kei roto i ngā wāhitara, nō te mea e whakatū tonu ana ngā manawhenua i ēnei wharepaku. Ko ēnei whakatūtanga ka whakarite i te haumanu pai mō ngā whaiaro NEV, ahakoa ko te whakangungu i ngā pātai nui, pēnei i te mamae rahi. Nei pea ki te whakawhanake i ngā rorohiko whenua, ka puta ano he hunga matihiko hou, pēnei i te whakapuku kore-taihoa, e whakatauhia nei he whakarerekē nui i te āputa i te mea e whakapuku ana i ngā motokā hou nei. E whakaaro ana ēnei tuhinga hou ki te whakapai pai atu i te huarere whaiaro, me te whakanuiaha i ngā motokā hou kia pai rawa, kia mīharo noa.
Ko te whakamua o te ao ki te whakaahei i ngā motokā hīkore hou, ko te kōtahitanga i waenga i ngā tūhurahunga matatika mō ngā pūtau me te whakaora āwhina kikino ake o ngā whare whakapuaki he mea nui e whakamana ana i te whakaahei i ngā motokā hīkore. Ko te uara whai wāhi o te whakatipu i te tiromiti o te take, te iti ake o ngā utu pūtau me te whakapai i ngā tae whakapuaki, ka tērangi i te whakawhiti ki ngā rorohiko anō me te whakatika atu ki ngā ara whakahaere iho, ā, ko tēnā e whakihiihi ana i te hurihuri o te ao ki te kawe hoki i ngā wheako net-zero.
Kei te mua ngā whenua o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa i te whakaae ki ngā motokā hou rorohiko, me te hunga nui a China e tū tonu ana i tēnei mahi nui, inaianei, he take nui ngā kaupapa hanga kaha me te hunga konohi e rere noa nei i te whakaaro mō ngā ratonga whakatika ahumotu. Ki te whakamārama a BloombergNEF, kei te mana nui a China i roto i te kāwhangahanga o ngā motokā rorohiko, ā, kei te whakaatu i tana tūranga e pā ana i te kāwhangahanga nui rawa atu i te ao, i runga i ngā herenga ā-tāhuhu. Ko ngā whenua pērā i Japani me Kōreā Hahaunga hoki e kite ana i te whakaae a ngā konohi ki ngā motokā rorohiko, i waenganui i ngā whakatūroro a ngā kāwanatanga me ngā paihikara hanga i te whakamahi o ngā pūkāwai. Kei te whakaaturia e ngā whakarato kāwhanga, ko te tau 2025 te wā e whai ai ngā motokā hou rorohiko i tētahi wāhi nui o ngā porihanga motokā katoa ki roto o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, e taea ana te whai wāhi i ngā wāhi kē - e whakapakari ana i tēnei wā i te tūranga matua i te whakatipuranga motokā ahumotu.
Kei te whai a Eropi i tana hurihanga nui ki te kaihokohoko waewae oha, i roto i ngā ture matatini me ngā hōtaka pai ake e whakarongo ana ki ngā tūtohu nui i te hanga i ngā whare rīhi ā-waewae. Kua kitea a Īhana me a Norue i te mataiwhiti i te puawaitanga o ngā motokā oha i runga i te whenua, i whakamahia e ngā kaupapa pai a te kāwanatanga. Hei tēnei, kei te whakaaro a BloombergNEF ko te mea nui e kitea ana e ia nei, hei 2030, e taea ana e ngā motokā oha e whai wāhi ana i tērā tuatoru o ngā motokā e noho ana i runga i ngā huarahi o Eropi, whakaatu mai i ngā momo whakataunga nui mō ngā whatuaki me ngā toitū ā-motu. Nā ēnei whakaaturanga ka whakaatu i te nuinga nui o te mahi a Eropi ki te whakamahere i ngā hōtaka kaihokohoko kaiwhakaora i te ao, me ngā horopaki mahi nui e whai ake nei i roto i tēnei rōpū.
Kei te pāngia whakamōhio ki te whakaahei i ngā motokā hou nei i te Ao Hurihuri, e whakaaro nui ana i ngā whakaaro o ngā kaiwhakamahi e whai ake ana i te oranga noa. Nā ngā kaihanga motokā o te Amerika me te whakapakari i ō rātou tāonga ā-motokā rīpea, ko ngā whakaaturanga e tū tonu ana he maha ake ngā hoko NEV e ai ki ngā tuhituhinga i te tau 2025 hei tiki i te hiahia nui nei o ngā kaiwhakamahi. Hei tango mai i ngā whakaaro a BloombergNEF, he hē ki te hiranga moni whakahaere i roto i ngā kaupapa hanga whenua mō ngā pari motokā me ngā whatu hoki, ā, kei reira te hunga nui ki te whakatika i te rōpū whakaaheinga motokā rīpea. Ko tēnei whanaketanga he tohu i te nui o te mana o te whenua nei ki te puta hei kaituku matua i roto i te rōpū motokā rīpea, e whakapakari ana i te hanga me te ara hou o te whenua.
Te whakaaetanga i ngā motokā hou ā-waea (NEVs) he mea nui ki te iti i te tohu karboni. He kōrero mō ēnei rangahau, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā wheako karboni e pā ana i ngā motokā ā-waea e 30% i roto i ngā wāhi paemahi, ā, ka tukua he tono nui ki te whakahaere taiao. Ko te whakawhiti ki ngā NEV he mea nui hoki hei whakaiti i te upoko hāngai, e āhei ana ki te whakapai i ngā hua hauora o te katoa, inā kē i ngā tāone rawa rawa. Apitihana ā-ahuatanga o ngā NEV anō hoki he kī mai, ko tā rātou he itinga iho i te whiuwhiu taiao i runga i ngā motokā tūnua, whakaatu i te nui o tā rātau uara i roto i te whakahaere taiao.
I te whakangungu mai o ngā motokā hou nei i te waiū, he pai tēnei mō te taiao, engari e whakaheke ana hoki i ngā whakamahi mō te whakahokia i ngā pūtau lithium-ion. I tenei wa, ko te nui o ēnei pūtau ka whakahokia he 5% noa iho, e tohutohu ana i te hiahia matua kia whakatipu ai ngā momo hangarau me ngā tikanga whakahokia hei whakaeke i te whakahaere i ngā waipiro pūtau. Ko te whakaaro a ngā kaiwhakapuaki iwi kei te tata rawa te whakangungu i ngā momo whakahoki i ngā whenua pūtau ki te 90% ki te tau 2030. Ka taea tēnei whaihua kia whakamanahia ai te tunga o te whakatutukitanga o ngā motokā hou nei, kia iti haere te paunga i te taiao i runga i te whakapaeke i ngā pūtau, me te whakakekera i te whanonga o ngā rauemi.
Tirohia ā mātou waka pūngao hou tae atu ki ngā waka hiko BYD hou me ngā waka hinu tuku iho. Whakauru atu ki te heke mai o te taraiwa me ta maatau hangarau waka hiko matatau, i hangaia mo te kaha me te mahi.
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